The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies - 1533 Words

During the 16th-18th centuries many historical events happened, in the 16th century Nicolaus Copernicus wrote a book called On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies. During the writing of the book, Nicolaus Copernicus was trying to prove that the Geocentric Theory was wrong. The book talks about how the planetary movements work and it also has many mathematical equations he used to solve the Heliocentric Theory, which would help other scientists continue his studies. A few years later, in the 17th century another scientist named Galileo wrote another book called Starry Messenger. Galileo wrote a book because he had a telescope and was making observations. Galileo wrote the book about all the observations that he had made. The books of these scientists showed the world the the Scientific Revolution was going to make a big impact on the world.Which is why the Scientific Revolution gave a big impact to the world because without the scientist the world would not have many of the inventi ons the scientists made. The Heliocentric Solar System would not have been discovered to help us understand the outer system. We would also not have medicine to help cure diseases and they would have not made advanced technology. In fact, many people believe that the Scientific Revolution would not have had the Heliocentric Solar System. â€Å"Beck 109-191† states that before Nicolaus Copernicus came up with his theory about the Heliocentric Solar System there was another theory, thatShow MoreRelatedThe Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe Scientific Revolution is said to have begun when Nicholas Copernicus released his book, The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, in 1543. He released this book right before he died because he knew that he would be accused of heresy. The church, at this time, believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. Because he was trying to say that the church was wrong, he knew that he could not release his book. He waited until right before his death to release his book. The timing of the releaseRead MoreCopernicus And Galileo : The Heavenly Bodies1087 Words   |  5 Pagespersonalities. However, the first selected source is Dedication of the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies to Pope Paul III†, analyzed and constructed by Nicolaus Copernicus, 1543. Whereas, the second source is â€Å"Science and Scripture† by Galileo, 1957. The first source is a primary study. This source is produced by Nicolaus Copernicus. However, this particular study was produced in concerning the revolutions of the heavenly bodies while highlighting the certain motions of the Earth. It has an agendaRead MorePhilosophical Think Thanks Of The Scientific Revolution993 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophical think thanks of the Scientific Revolution Despite of the observational, experimental, mathematical, and mechanical principles used to gather information, Isaac Newton was the greatest contributor to the Scientific Revolution, although there were a few predecessors like Galileo Galilei. Galileo gathered valuable information through observations and experimentation; throughout the Renaissance, society had a broader knowledge base on Newtonian Science, the scientific method, rationalRead MoreComparison Between Foscarini And Galileo1429 Words   |  6 Pagesnearly universally accepted. The views of Aristotle and Ptolemy became common teachings in universities and the church. It had been common practice to see the Earth as the concrete and unmoving center of the universe, and the sun as but another heavenly body which rotated around the Earth. However, as technology was expanding, new inventions and devices were appearing that would soon cause a disturbance in the views of geocentrism. Although all the necessary factors for the telescope existed as earlyRead MoreThe Revolutions Of The Celestial Orbs By Nicolaus Copernicus And Two New Sciences1533 Words   |  7 PagesThe texts The Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs by Nicolaus Copernicus and Two New Sciences by Galileo demonstrates a powerful illustration of heliocentric hypothesis. In each book, astronomer Nicolas Copernicus and Scientist Galileo Galilei describes their theory and assumption about the motion and shapes of the planets and objects based on their understandings and advocating earlier scientist’s thoughts. Nicolas Copernicus describes â€Å"Sun† as the center of the universe, which is spherical in shapeRead More The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment In the 17th Century, there was much controversy between religion and science. The church supported a single worldview that God’s creation was the center of the universe. The kings and rulers were set in their ways to set the people’s minds to believe this and to never question it. From these ideas, the Enlightenment was bred from the Scientific Revolution. Nicholas Copernicus was the first to question the universal truths and teachings of theRead MoreHow Transformational Change The Common Ideologies And Understanding Of Society As Well As The Natural World1344 Words   |  6 Pagesthe natural world. As a result, an intellectual revolution began in the West during the Early Modern period as people pursued an understanding of society and the world independent of the Church’s authority. model of the solar system was the first of many discoveries that threatened the Church’s authority over knowledge. In doing so, Galileo disproved the Church’s longstanding claim of the geocentric model, in which other planetary bodies revolved around the Earth. Furthermore, the ChurchRead MoreThe Revolution And Reformation During The Renaissance1205 Words   |  5 PagesRevolution and reformation; these are two words that are often identified with war, disagreement, and regional effects. While these things do indeed come along with a revolution or reformation, they heed an array of positive and secular outcomes as well. In addition, a revolution can, and usually will, cause a reformation. Conversely, a reformation can cause a revolution. This can happen despite the two things involved with the change or disagreement being seemingly unrelated. The world is connectedRead MoreCopernicus : A Renaissance Mathematician And Astronomer942 Words   |  4 Pagestest. After passing the exam Copernicus returned back to Poland, where he continued from where he left off as canon with his uncle. After his return to Varmia Copernicus, â€Å"†¦devoted himself completely to the observations of the motions [of the heavenly bodies], correcting with the greatest dilig ence these conclusions of the ancients which he found in disagreement with modern computations. Thus among other things by means of very strong arguments, he attacked Ptolemy’s lunar theory and with marvelousRead MoreThe Impact of Scientific Revolution on Physics as an Independent Field of Study1214 Words   |  5 Pagesseventeenth century is known as the â€Å"scientific revolution† for the drastic changes evidenced approach to science . The word â€Å"revolution† connotes a period of turmoil and social upheaval where ideas about the world change severely and a completely new era of academic thought is ushered in. This term, therefore, describes quite accurately what took place in the scientific community following the sixteenth century. During the scientific revolution, medieval scientific philosophy was abandoned in

Basketball As A Physical Education - 1396 Words

Basketball was originally created by James Naismith in 1891. The beginning of was created in Springfield Massachusetts. The game will use two teams and 10 players on the court. The coaches help train the player to play well at games and tournaments. Players need certain equipment to be able to play. The history of basketball begins 123 years ago. In December of 1981 a teacher at the YMCA in Springfield Massachusetts named James Naismith wanted to create a new game. Naismith managed to get basketball on the YMCA roster in 1893. When he got a job at the University of Kansas he brought basketball with him. He experimented more and more there and became a physical education teacher (Basketball 1). The beginning of basketball was interesting. Naismith’s students used soccer balls to dribble and shoot. Naismith went to the superintendent at the University and asked for two boxes so he could use those as goals. When the superintendent gave him what he asked for, they gave him two bu ckets instead. The janitors hung them over the balcony in the gymnasium. He used students from his gym class to experiment the game. After the first experimental game, Naismith drafted the first 13 original rules (Basketball 1). The original 13 rules are: The first is, the ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands. Second, the ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands but not with the fist. Third, a player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw the ballShow MoreRelatedEssay on Beginning Of Basketball1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe Beginning of Basketball Have you ever had an interest in how something was invented? An interest in how your favorite activity or hobby came about? Ever since I was introduced to sports and how competitive it was, I became hooked. I enjoy playing football, basketball, and baseball. Of the three main sports that I play, basketball seems to be my favorite. It challenges endurance, speed, accuracy, agility, and strength. I feel guilty not knowing who created the game that takes up most of my free-timeRead MorePhysical And Emotional And Cognitive Development Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pageschallenges designed to enhance their physical, social, emotional and cognitive development. Imagine groups of girls and boys striving to negotiate their growing bodies through the movement successes and failures; imagine that these children, despite their widely variable physical and social maturity levels, play well together, cooperate fairly, communicate respectfully, and exit the gym with class. Now, imagine this never ha ppens†¦. (Halas, 2004) Physical education is the most important thing to mostRead MoreSports And Game : The Game Of Basketball1495 Words   |  6 Pages The Game of Basketball Since the beginning of time, sports and game has played a big role in human interaction. Humans and even animals have always had the desire to compete against one another to prove show dominance. Through ought history, the world has witnessed simple leisure activities evolve into world renowned competition for years to come. From Ancient Roman Gladiators to the Olympic Games, from hunting to modern day technology competition, the history of sports is very diverse. PeopleRead MorePhysical Education Is Not Always Simple And Requires Instruction972 Words   |  4 Pagesthings I am passionate about but the one that is closest to my heart is Physical Education. Physical education is not always simple and requires instruction. In sports there are coaches like in basketball who teach specific skills each day they coach. They need an environment that allows a student to ask questions without being ridiculed. I am studying to become a basketball coach because I was inspired by my own basketball coach (name removed to protect privacy). He is a great Christian and an exceptionalRead MorePerception on activity format in each sport Over two thirds of secondary school physical education900 Words   |  4 Pagesin each sport Over two thirds of secondary school physical education teachers indicated all activities, with the exceptions of football, basketball, handball, gymnastics and swimming, should be offered in a coeducational format. The major reason for coeducational grouping in some activities in physical education lesson was those activities were not require direct body contact to compete against one another when compared with football, basketball and handball. Actually, it was not surprising theseRead MoreEssay on My Personal Philosophy of Education1490 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy of Education Relating my reasons for becoming a teacher was not a very difficult task for me; to accomplish this task I simply needed to reflect upon and describe some of my own personal experiences. I relied basically upon my memories and thoughts about my own educational experiences. However, describing my philosophy of education was much more difficult task for me to accomplish. First of all, before I could properly describe my philosophy, I realized I needed a workingRead MoreMandatory Physical Education I1699 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipate in physical activities. The ideal place in which students would be able to find adequate time, opportunity and guidance are in the high schools themselves. Politicians and educators responsible for the mandatory physical education program at the junior high school levels (grades eight to ten) should be applauded for this, but frowned upon for not enforcing it on senior high school students (grades 11 and 12). Physical Education is defined as the process of education that develops theRead MoreEssay about Basketball1049 Words   |  5 Pages WHY THE NBA DREAM IS RUINING COLLEGE BASKETBALL nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The National Basketball Association is a corporate powerhouse with installments in nearly every major city in the United States. With the exception of European soccer, professional basketball generates more money per season than any other sport in the world. NBA superstars carry as much authority in the entertainment business as the most popular actors, comedians, and musicians. Even the guys who are last off the benchRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1275 Words   |  6 Pagesuniversities. In this regard, universities like Alabama and Indiana are appreciated more due to their prowess in football and basketball respectively instead of their academic excellence. There are also some cons that might come with paying athletes. 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Taxation Theory And Practice Of The Law -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1. Over the last 12 months, Eric acquired the following assets: an antique vase (for $2,000), an antique chair (for $3,000), a painting (for $9,000), a home sound system (for $12,000), and shares in a listed company (for $5,000). Last week he sold these assets as follows: antique vase (for $3,000), antique chair (for $1,000), painting (for $1,000), sound system (for $11,000) and shares (for $20,000). Calculate his net capital gain or net capital loss for the year. 2. Brian is a bank executive. As part of his remuneration package, his employer provided him with a three-year loan of $1m at a special interest rate of 1% pa (payable in monthly instalments). The loan was provided on 1 April 2016. Brian used 40% of the borrowed funds for income-producing purposes and met all his obligations in relation to the interest payments. Calculate the taxable value of this fringe benefit for the 2016/17 FBT year. Would your answer be different if the interest was only payable at the end of the loan rather than in monthly instalments? What would happen if the bank released Brian from repaying the interest on the loan? 3. Jack (an architect) and his wife Jill (a housewife) borrowed money to purchase a rental property as joint tenants. They entered into a written agreement which provided that Jack is entitled to 10% of the profits from the property and Jill is entitled to 90% of the profits from the property. The agreement also provided that if the property generates a loss, Jack is entitled to 100% of the loss. Last year a loss of $10,000 arose. How is this loss allocated for tax purposes? If Jack and Jill decide to sell the property, how would they be required to account for any capital gain or capital loss? 4. What principle was established inIRC v Duke of Westminster[1936] AC 1? How relevant is that principle today in Australia? 5. Bill owns a large parcel of land on which there are many tall pine trees. Bill intends to use the land for grazing sheep and therefore wants to have it cleared. He discovers that a logging company is prepared to pay him $1,000 for every 100 metres of timber they can take from his land. Leaving aside any capital gains tax issues, advise Bill as to whether he would be assessed on the receipts from this arrangement. Would your answer be different if he was simply paid a lump sum of $50,000 for granting the logging company a right to remove as much timber as required from his land? Answers: Answer 1 Issue The issue is to analyse the given information and to calculate the value of net capital gains or net capital loss for the taxpayer Eric. Rule As per section 108 -10 (2) of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, jewellery, coins, books, painting, art work, any manuscript, or antique item would be classified as collectable. To be exempt from CGT (Capital Gains Tax), it is essential that the purchasing date of the items must be before September 20, 1985 or the buying price of the item must be less than $500. Further, it is noteworthy that the loss incurred on the sale of collectable would only be compensated with the capital gains that would result from the sale of collectable. If the taxpayer would not have any capital gains from collectable to offset these losses, then the capital loss would be shifted to next financial year (Gilders et. al., 2016). As per section 108 -10 (3) of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, the capital loss incurred from the sale of any personal use asset would not be taken into account while calculating the net capital gains/loss. However, if the personal use asset has acquisition cost of higher than $10,000 then only the derived capital gains would be considered else not (Sadiq et. al., 2016). As per section 104 - 5 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, income derived from the sales of shares would be taken into account for CGT liability on the part of taxpayer. Further, if the shares are not held for more than 1 year, then the taxpayer is not liable for any discount on the calculation of net capital loss/gains (s. 115-25, ITAA 1997) (Deutsch et. al., 2016). Application Eric is the concerned taxpayer who purchased an antique vase, antique chair, and a painting for a cost of $2000, $3000 and $9000 respectively. He has sold an antique vase, antique chair, and a painting for $3000, $1000 and $1000 respectively. It is apparent that these items are collectable and also having the acquisition cost more than $500. Hence, Capital loss/ gain Antique Vase Antique Chair Painting Net Capital loss/ gain from collectable = The negative sign in the value represents that Eric has capital loss of sale of collectables. Eric has also purchased a home sound system for a cost of $12000 for her private use. Eric has sold home sound system for $11000. It is apparent that home sound system is an item of personal use and hence only capital gains would be taken into account. Capital loss/ gain The negative sign in the value represents that Eric has capital loss of sale of home sound system. He has also purchased shares in a listed company for a cost of $5,000. He has also received proceeds of $20,000 from the sale of shares. Capital loss/ gain The positive sign in the value represents that Eric has capital gains of sale of shares. Conclusion It can be said based on the above computation that Eric has capital gains of $15,000 from shares which would be taxed in the current year as per CGT. Further, the capital loss of $9,000 incurred due to collectables would be rolled over to the next year (to be adjusted against collectables capital gains) while the capital loss from personal use asset would not be incorporated in the computation of capital tax liability for Eric. Answer 2 Issue The issue is to find the taxable value of fringe benefits for the FBT year 2016/17. Rule When employer has provided benefits (non-cash) to employee for personal usage then these benefits are termed as fringe benefits as per FBTAA, 1986. The fringe benefits tax liability would be levied on the part of the employer (Woellner, 2014). In this regards, when an employer has provided monetary help to employee in terms of giving loan at zero rate of interest or lower rate of interest rate as compared with the statutory interest rate announced by Reserve Bank of Australia for the given assessment year, then there is incidence of loan fringe benefits. Further, it is noteworthy that when the employee has utilized the loan amount for earning income, then the interest amount paid by the employee would be tax deductible on behalf of the employer. Also, the taxable value in loan fringe benefits would be computed by taking the interest saving from loan fringe benefits (Nethercott, Richardson and Devos, 2016). Application It is apparent that employer bank has extended loan of $1 million to employee Brian at 1% per annum interest arte that needs to be paid in monthly payments. Provided interest rate (Annualised) = 1.0046% p.a. RBA statutory interest rate for FY2016/17 = 5.65% p.a. It is apparent that Bank has provided the loan at lower interest rate and hence, FBT liability would be applicable on the employer. Interest saving = Amount * (Provided interest rate RBA interest rate) = 1 * (0.0565 0.010046) = $43,960 From loan amount, 40% has been used for making income and hence, loan fringe benefit = (1 40%) * $43960 = $26,376 GST is not valid for loan and therefore, the value of gross up factor = 1.9608 (Gilders et. al., 2016) Grossed up value of loan fringe benefit = loan fringe benefit amount * gross up factor = 26376*1.9608 =$51,718.06 FBT liability = 51,718.06 *0.49 = $ 25,341.85 Further, if the interest amount has been paid by Brian at the end of loan completion period, then the value of taxable value of loan fringe benefit would be increased. This is because the employee would be benefitted since now the same amount has to be paid after a year (CCH, 2013). Also, the case when the Bank has asked Brian to not pay the interest on loan amount, then in such case Brian would be able to save the whole amount because he does not need to pay any interest. Therefore, the taxable value of loan fringe benefit would be highest and hence the corresponding FBT liability would also increase (Barkoczy, 2015). Conclusion FBT payable due to loan fringe benefits amounts to $25,341.85. Additionally, this value would increase when the interest needs to be paid at the completion of loan period. Further, the FBT liability becomes highest when bank releases Brian from doing payment of interest on loan. Answer 3 Issue The issue is to comment on the allocation of losses between Jack and Jill. Relevant law Section1, Partnership Act 1891 highlights the key conditions that are to be satisfied for a business arrangement to be classified as partnership. These are highlighted as follows. The carrying on of the business is essential which should not be equated with continuity of business activity (Playfair Development Corporation Pty Ltd v Ryan (1969) 90 WN (NSW)) (Sadiq et. al., 2016). Also, the business must give rise to mutual rights and obligations and the business is carried on behalf of the partners not individually but jointly. Also, in a partnership, if the agreement highlights that a given partner has share in profit and but would not share losses, then the same would not be upheld in court and the concerned partner would have to share losses in the same proportion as profits (Re Ruddock (1879) 5 VLR (IP M) 51) (Deutsch et. al., 2016). Profit motive must be present in the business activities (CCH, 2013). Application Partnership exists between the two individuals (Jack and Jill) as joint borrowing of the money is observed which in case of joint venture would have been done individually. Repetition of business activity is not imperative as highlighted in the above section. Also, profit motive is clearly present here. Also, even though partnership agreement puts all losses on Jack but he would share only 10% while Jill would share 90% of the losses. Conclusion The capital losses between partners would be allocated in the same proportion as the capital gains or profits. Thus, the capital loss or regular loss will be borne by Jack and Jill in the ratio 10:90. Answer 4 Issue The core concern is to outline the relevance of the decision pertaining to IRC v Duke of Westminster[1936] AC 1 case in Australia at present. Relevant law and Application The key principle outlined in mentioned case pertains to the taxpayers rights to make relevant arrangement for lowering the tax liability. In effect, this case legalised tax avoidance. As a result, in ITAA 1936, no provision on anti-avoidance was present which was enabled only in 1981 due to rampant abuse and the rise of individual income levels (Barkoczy, 2015). Gradually the scope of these provisions has expanded on account of the wide interpretation provided by the court but the burden of proof still lay on the Tax Commissioner (CCH, 2013). However, in 1980, the Choice principle was outlined by the honourable court which restricted the use of tax avoidance by exhibiting only the choices offered by the ATO rather than working creative arrangements exploiting tax loopholes. Further, in 2006, promoter penalty system was introduced which targeted the promoters of schemes for tax avoidance. Thus, in the recent time, a plethora od measures have been taken to prevent abuse of the princip le established (Deutsch et. al., 2016). Conclusion Then,, while the principle of tax avoidance still remains intact but various provisions have been introduced in Australia so as to check the abuse of the same and impose reasonable restrictions in this regard. Answer 5 Issue The issue is to offer a legal advice to Bill about the nature of income which is derived from the two given cases. Case 1: When he has appointed logging company to remove the timber from pine tree with an amount of $50,000 (lump-sum). Case 2: When he has appointed logging company to remove the timber from pine tree and pay him $1000 for each 100 meter of timber removed. Rule The provisions of section 26 (f), ITAA 1936 would be taken into account in the process of deciding the nature of income from right to fell timber operation. The amount or say royalty amount derived from right to fell timber would amount to assessable income for the same tax year in which the operation of timber removal has been done. The amount tends to be considered as assessable income of taxpayer regardless of fact that taxpayer has been not involved in the forest operation. The McCauley vThe Federal Commissioner of Taxation(1944) 69 CLR 235 case highlights this (Woellner, 2014). There are two main factors that would be considered in this regards. If taxpayer has offered another party to extract the timber for lump-sum amount irrespective of the size of timber removed, then the income is not termed as assessable income of taxpayer. The Stanton v The Federal Commissioner of Taxation(1955) 92 CLR 630 case is the evident of this aspect. Further, if taxpayer has received an amount wit h respect to the amount of timber removed, then it considered assessable income of taxpayer (Nethercott, Richardson and Devos, 2016). Application It can be seen that taxpayer Bill is not running any forest operation and in order to make land suitable for sheep grazing he has decided to remove the pine tree. Therefore, in case where he has decided to appoint logging company to remove timber for $50000 irrespective of total amount of timber removed, the proceeds received would not result in assessable income. However, the case where, the income is received per 100 meter of timber removed, the proceeds would amount to assessable income of Bill as per section 26 (f). Conclusion The conclusion can be drawn that when Bill has received lump-sum amount ($50,000) then the amount would not classified as assessable income. However, when he is receiving the income ($1000) per 100 meter of timber removed, then this would contribute to the assessable income of Bill as per section 26 (f). References Barkoczy,S. (2015), Foundation of Taxation Law 2015, 7thed., North Ryde: CCH Publications CCH (2013), Australian Master Tax Guide 2013, 51st ed., Sydney: Wolters Kluwer Deutsch, R., Freizer, M., Fullerton, I., Hanley, P., and Snape, T. (2016), Australian tax handbook 8th ed., Pymont: Thomson Reuters, Gilders, F., Taylor, J., Walpole, M., Burton, M. and Ciro, T. (2016), Understanding taxation law 2016, 9th ed., Sydney: LexisNexis/Butterworths. Nethercott, L., Richardson, G. and Devos, K. (2016), Australian Taxation Study Manual 2016, 4th ed., Sydney: Oxford University Press Sadiq, K, Coleman, C, Hanegbi, R, Jogarajan, S, Krever, R, Obst, W, and Ting, A (2016) ,Principles of Taxation Law 2016, 8th ed., Pymont:Thomson Reuters Woellner, R (2014), Australian taxation law 2014, 7th ed., North Ryde: CCH Australia